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Pes Anserine Bursa
It is composed of the Semi-tendinosus, gracilis, and sartorius muscles
The superficial posterior compartment
It contains the two major calf muscles, the gastrocnemius and the soleus, both of which extend from the calf to the ankle and join to form the Achilles tendon.
Bones of Feet
The bones of the feet are divided into three main regions: the tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges. There are 26 bones in each foot, providing structure, balance, and mobility.
First muscle layer of Plantar foot
The first muscle layer of the foot is the most superficial layer of the plantar (bottom) muscles.
It contains three muscles:
- Abductor hallucis: abducts and flexes the big toe (hallux).
- Flexor digitorum brevis: flexes the middle phalanges of toes 2–5.
- Abductor digiti minimi: abducts and flexes the little toe (5th digit).
Second muscle layer of Plantar foot
The second muscle layer of the foot lies just deep to the first plantar layer.
It contains two intrinsic muscles and two long flexor tendons:
1. Lumbricals (toes 2–5): flex the MTP joints and extend the IP joints.
2. Quadratus plantae (flexor accessorius): assists flexor digitorum longus (FDL).
tHIRD muscle layer of Plantar foot
The third layer of the plantar intrinsic muscles of the foot is a thin sheet of muscles primarily involved in controlling the movements of the great toe (hallux) and the little toe.
Fourth muscle layer of Plantar foot
The fourth layer is composed of
1. Plantar Interossei (3 muscles):
Action: ADDUCT the third, fourth, and fifth toes (pull them TOWARDS the midline of the second toe).
- Mnemonic: PAD (Plantar ADduct).
2. Dorsal Interossei (4 muscles):
Action: ABDUCT the second, third, and fourth toes.
Mnemonic: DAB (Dorsal ABduct).
Bone Anatomy
A bone is a living organ providing structure, protection, and movement. It has a hard outer compact (cortical) bone layer and a spongy inner cancellous (trabecular) bone layer, which holds marrow (for blood cells). Long bones feature a central diaphysis (shaft), flared epiphyses (joint ends), and the metaphysis.
